Rejected

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus and the cause of the recent pandemic; it is an enveloped -coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 appear in the Wuhan City of China for the first time and outspread worldwide quickly. Due to its person-to-person fast transmission, COVID-19 is becoming a global problem. SARS-CoV-2 enter into cells by using ACE2 receptors that are numerous in the lungs and finally can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Dry cough, sore throat, fever, body pain, headache, GIT discomfort, diarrhoea, and fatigue are some of the COVID-19 symptoms. There is no definite and certain treatment for disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 till now. Some pharmacological effects of toxins, toxoids, and venoms have been proven, and their effects on some diseases have been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the role of toxins, toxoids, and venom in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease.

Opioid therapy for managing chronic pain remains a challenge, as providers must weigh the medical benefit to the patient with the risk of adverse events. Manipulation of many extended-release (ER) opioid formulations may lead to increased serious medical outcomes or death. The economic burden of opioid use disorders due to opioid misuse and abuse may vary depending on which abuse deterrent opioid formulation is prescribed. The study aimed to compare demographic and clinical characteristics and healthcare costs of chronic pain patients treated with two different abuse-deterrent opioid formulations, Xtampza ER and reformulated OxyContin.

Pain is a complex sensory experience and can be influenced by psychosocial factors, such as romantic relationships.

Inflammatory pseudotumors of the kidney are an infrequent entity. More frequently described in the lung, the genitourinary tract location is rare. Commonly described in the bladder, the kidney damage remains exceptional. Herein, we report the case of 60 years old man with a history of flank pain, initially diagnosed with a locally advanced left renal carcinoma invading the left colon. Then, after performing a laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, the histopathological diagnosis of inflammatory pseudotumor of the left kidney has been made.

The objective of this study was to measure the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the quantitative sensory testing for measuring the thermal pain threshold on myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle of individuals with chronic neck pain.

Basilar artery fenestrations (BAF) are rare vascular anomalies. Surgical intervention for aneurysms in this vascular segment is exceptionally arduous because of the complexity of the neurovascular structures in the vicinity of the brainstem. Endovascular therapy (ET) is the treatment of choice because of its safety and efficacy. Here, we report a 62-year-old female presenting with a two-day history of sudden onset severe headache, vomiting, and altered sensorium. A computed tomography (CT) and subsequent CT angiogram (CTA) revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and BAF with an aneurysm on each arm of the fenestration. Digital subtraction angiogram (DSA) with a three-dimensional rotational angiogram (3DRA) was employed before initiating ET. We used coiling and flow diversion to exclude the aneurysms from circulation. A six-month follow-up angiography reconfirmed the complete obliteration of the aneurysms. There was no focal neurological deficit.

Labor pain and anxiety are important concerns during labor, especially among the primigravidae. It may increase the duration of labor, increase stress hormones, and affect maternal and new-born related outcomes. This study examined the effectiveness of combined breathing exercises, foot reflexology, and massage (BRM) interventions on labor pain, anxiety, labor duration, stress hormone levels, maternal satisfaction, maternal vital signs, and the new-born's APGAR scores.

Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD) and chronic pain evince different presentations, coping strategies, and treatment utilization patterns than individuals with chronic pain alone. Theorists have suggested that comorbid PTSD may complicate chronic pain treatment, and that integrated pain and PTSD treatment may be preferable to pain treatment alone.

Pain syndromes, acute and chronic, against the background of inflammatory diseases (such as osteoarthritis (OA)), degenerative-dystrophic changes (involutive process, trauma) or systemic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) dictate a steady increase in the intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The choice of the most «safe NSAID» is based on the assessment of the toxicity index (the ratio when blocking cyclooxygenase (COX)) and the development of relative risks (the benefit/risk ratio). As well as those adverse events that can be detected with individual sensitivity to a specific NSAIDs, taking into account the anamnesis of previous diseases and intolerance to NSAIDs, existing chronic diseases (gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, type 2 diabetes mellitus), limiting the appointment of NSAIDs. Considering these circumstances, the NSAID meloxicam (Amelotex) can be recommended for the treatment of various genesis pain syndromes. A number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of meloxicam with different methods of its administration (per oral (p/o), intramuscularly (i/m)) in the treatment of pain syndrome in the lower back, with OA, etc. Recent studies concern intravenous (i/v) meloxicam (30 mg) administration with moderate and severe postoperative pain syndrome. Today, the most commonly pain therapy scheme using meloxicam includes step-by-step administration of injectable and oral forms: meloxicam i/m (1.5 ml) for 3-5 days, followed by a transition to p/o (7.5-15 mg) intake for 14 days, or complex therapy with meloxicam (Amelotex), with muscle relaxant and B vitamins.

Topical phenytoin can act as an analgesic in chronic pain, but it is unclear if topical phenytoin gives rise to systemic side effects. Therefore, the aim of this study is: 1) to evaluate safety in chronic pain patients who used topical phenytoin up to 30% applied daily on intact skin and mucous membrane, through determining phenytoin plasma levels; and 2) to elaborate on the analgesic mechanism of action.