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An update on animal models of intervertebral disc degeneration and low back pain: Exploring the potential of artificial intelligence to improve research analysis and development of prospective therapeutics.

Animal models have been invaluable in the identification of molecular events occurring in and contributing to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and important therapeutic targets have been identified. Some outstanding animal […]

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Non-invasive neuromodulation of the cervical vagus nerve in rare primary headaches.

Primary headache disorders can be remarkably disabling and the therapeutic options available are usually limited to medication with a high rate of adverse events. Here, we discuss the mechanism of […]

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Non-Invasive Electric and Magnetic Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia.

Although fibromyalgia is defined by its core muscular nociceptive component, it also includes multiple dysfunctions that involve the musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, immune, endocrine, as well as the central and peripheral nervous […]

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Analysis of the Influence of IL-6 and the Activation of the Jak/Stat3 Pathway in Fibromyalgia.

Fibromyalgia is a medical condition that affects a small percentage of the population, with no known effective treatment. There is evidence to suggest that inflammation is a key factor in […]

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The Role of miRNAs in Neuropathic Pain.

Neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition affecting around 8% of the adult population in the UK. The pathophysiology is complex and involves a wide range of processes, including alteration of […]

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The Association between Dysbiosis and Neurological Conditions Often Manifesting with Chronic Pain.

The prevalence of neurological conditions which manifest with chronic pain is increasing globally, where the World Health Organisation has now classified chronic pain as a risk factor for death by […]

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The Unmet Needs for Studying Chronic Pelvic/Visceral Pain Using Animal Models.

The different definitions of chronic pelvic/visceral pain used by international societies have changed over the years. These differences have a great impact on the way researchers study chronic pelvic/visceral pain. […]

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Chronic Pain-Associated Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Sympathetic Nerve Activity.

Chronic pain affects many people world-wide, and this number is continuously increasing. There is a clear link between chronic pain and the development of cardiovascular disease through activation of the […]

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Modification of the TRP Channel TRPA1 as a Relevant Factor in Migraine-Related Intracranial Hypersensitivity.

Recently, the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) has gained more attention in migraine-related research. The involvement of the TRPA1 receptor in migraine headaches is proposed by the fact that […]

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Biomarkers of Migraine: An Integrated Evaluation of Preclinical and Clinical Findings.

In recent years, numerous efforts have been made to identify reliable biomarkers useful in migraine diagnosis and progression or associated with the response to a specific treatment. The purpose of […]

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