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The voltage-gated sodium channel Na1.2 is responsible for the initiation and propagation of action potentials in the central nervous system. We report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of human Na1.2 bound to a peptidic pore blocker, the μ-conotoxin KIIIA, in the presence of an auxiliary subunit β2 to an overall resolution of 3.0 Å. The immunoglobulin (Ig) domain of β2 interacts with the shoulder of the pore domain through a disulfide bond. The 16-residue KIIIA interacts with the extracellular segments in repeats I to III, placing Lys7 at the entrance to the selectivity filter. Many interacting residues are specific to Na1.2, revealing a molecular basis for KIIIA specificity. The structure establishes a framework for rational design of subtype-specific blockers for Na channels.
Learn More >Patients with cancer, especially breast, prostate, and lung cancer, commonly experience bone metastases that are difficult to manage and are associated with bone cancer pain (BCP). Amitriptyline is often used to treat chronic pain, such as neuropathic pain. In the present study, the effects of amitriptyline on the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and its underlying mechanisms were evaluated in rat models of BCP. Walker 256 rat mammary gland carcinoma cells were injected into the bone marrow cavity of the right tibia of rats to provoke BCP. Then, amitriptyline was intraperitoneally administered twice daily from fifth day after the operation. Rats with bone cancer showed an apparent decline in the MWT at day 11 after Walker 256 cells inoculation. The levels of the glutamate transporter GLAST in the spinal cord dorsal horn decreased remarkably, and the concentration of the excitatory amino acid (EAA) glutamate (Glu) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) increased substantially. Amitriptyline injection could prevent the decline of MWT in BCP rats. In addition, GLAST was upregulated on the glial cell surface, and Glu levels were reduced in the CSF. However, amitriptyline injection could not prevent the BCP-induced reduction in GLAST in the glial cell cytosol, it further downregulated cytosolic GLAST. Amitriptyline had no significant effect on GLAST mRNA expression, and BCP-invoked PKA/PKC upregulation was prevented. Taken together, these results suggest that the intraperitoneal injection of amitriptyline can prevent the decrease of MWT in BCP rats, the underlying mechanisms may be associated with the inhibition of PKA/PKC expression, thus promoting GLAST trafficking onto the glial cell surface and reducing EAA concentrations in the CSF.
Learn More >The major dose-limiting toxicity of paclitaxel, one of the most commonly used drugs to treat breast cancer, is peripheral neuropathy (PIPN). PIPN, which persists into survivorship, has a negative impact on patient's mood, functional status, and quality of life. Currently, no interventions are available to treat PIPN. A critical barrier to the development of efficacious interventions is the lack of understanding of the mechanisms that underlie PIPN. While data from preclinical studies suggest that disrupting cytoskeleton- and axon morphology-related processes are a potential mechanism for PIPN, clinical evidence is limited. The purpose of the present study in breast cancer survivors was to evaluate whether differential gene expression and co-expression patterns in these pathways are associated with PIPN. Signaling pathways and gene co-expression modules associated with cytoskeleton and axon morphology were identified between survivors who received paclitaxel and did (n=25) or did not (n=25) develop PIPN. Pathway impact analysis identified four significantly perturbed cytoskeleton- and axon morphology-related signaling pathways. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified three co-expression modules. One module was associated with PIPN group membership. Functional analysis found that this module was associated with four signaling pathways and two ontology annotations related to cytoskeleton and axon morphology. This study, which is the first to apply systems biology approaches using circulating whole blood RNA-seq data in a sample of breast cancer survivors with and without chronic PIPN, provides molecular evidence that cytoskeleton- and axon morphology-related mechanisms identified in preclinical models of various types of neuropathic pain including chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, are found in breast cancer survivors and suggests pathways and a module of genes for validation and as potential therapeutic targets.
Learn More >Episodic cluster headache is a disabling neurologic disorder that is characterized by daily headache attacks that occur over periods of weeks or months. Galcanezumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to calcitonin gene-related peptide, may be a preventive treatment for cluster headache.
Learn More >Contributors to the ongoing epidemic of prescription opioid abuse, addiction, and death include opioid tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and possibly opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). Thirty stable chronic non-malignant pain patients entered a six-month long, randomized, double-blind, dose-response, two-center trial of the potent opioid levorphanol, conducted over a decade ago during an era of permissive opioid prescribing. Eleven were taking no opioids at study entry and eleven were taking between 35-122 morphine equivalents (MEQ). Five weeks titration preceded twenty weeks stable dosing. Tolerance and OIH were inferred individually based on chronic pain ratings, Brief Pain Inventory scores, and results of the Brief Thermal Sensitization (BTS) model at five opioid dosing sessions. Seventeen patients completed. The average final daily opioid dose was 132; range 14-300; average addition 105 MEQ. After observed dosing, the BTS area of hyperalgesia changed minimally but the painfulness of skin heating was reduced. Weekly 0-100 VAS pain ratings (average 64 at study entry, 48 at end titration, 45 at end stable dosing) decreased a median 19%, but eight completed with higher VAS ratings. Three completers had evidence of both tolerance and hyperalgesia. A fully-powered trial similar to this feasibility study is ethically questionable. A large-scale pragmatic trial is more realistic. Trial Registration: NCT00275249 Evolution of Analgesic Tolerance With Opioids Perspective: A double-blind, six-month, high-dose opioid feasibility trial, completed years ago, provides critically important data for clinically defining analgesic tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). Overall benefit was small, and 18% of patients had evidence of both tolerance and OIH. Future work requires a different approach than a classic RCT design.
Learn More >We aimed to evaluate associations of human leukocyte antigen variants with migraine or headache in hospital and population-based settings.
Learn More >The efficacy and safety of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in treatment-resistant diabetic painful polyneuropathy (DPN) were assessed.
Learn More >Both inhibiting ascending nociceptive transmission and activating descending inhibition are involved in the opioid analgesic effect. The spinal dorsal horn is a critical site for modulating nociceptive transmission by descending pathways elicited by opioids in the brain. μ-Opioid receptors (MORs, encoded by Oprm1) are highly expressed in primary sensory neurons and their central terminals in the spinal cord. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that MORs expressed in primary sensory neurons contribute to the descending inhibition and supraspinal analgesic effect induced by centrally administered opioids. We generated Oprm1 conditional knockout (Oprm1-cKO) mice by crossing Advillin mice with Oprm1 mice. Immunocytochemcal labeling in Oprm1-cKO mice showed that MORs are completely ablated from primary sensory neurons and are profoundly reduced in the superficial spinal dorsal horn. Intracerebroventricular injection of morphine or fentanyl produced a potent analgesic effect in wild-type mice, but such an effect was significantly attenuated in Oprm1-cKO mice. Furthermore, the analgesic effect produced by morphine or fentanyl microinjected into the periaqueductal gray was significantly greater in wild-type mice than in Oprm1-cKO mice. Blocking MORs at the spinal cord level diminished the analgesic effect of morphine and fentanyl microinjected into the periaqueductal gray in both groups of mice. Our findings indicate that MORs expressed at primary afferent terminals in the spinal cord contribute to the supraspinal opioid analgesic effect. These presynaptic MORs in the spinal cord may serve as an interface between ascending inhibition and descending modulation that are involved in opioid analgesia.
Learn More >It is increasingly recognized that chronic opioid use leads to maladaptive changes in the composition and localization of gut bacteria. Recently, this "opioid-induced dysbiosis" (OID) has been linked to antinociceptive tolerance development in preclinical models and may therefore identify promising targets for new opioid-sparing strategies. Such developments are critical to curb dose escalations in the clinical setting and combat the ongoing opioid epidemic. In this article, we review the existing literature that pertains to OID, including the current evidence regarding its qualitative nature, influence on antinociceptive tolerance, and future prospects. Perspective: This article reviews the current literature on opioid-induced dysbiosis (OID) of gut bacteria, including its qualitative nature, influence on antinociceptive tolerance, and future prospects. This work may help identify targets for new opioid-sparing strategies.
Learn More >The periaqueductal gray (PAG) mediates the antinociceptive properties of analgesics, including opioids and cannabinoids. Administration of either opioids or cannabinoids into the PAG induces antinociception. However, most studies characterizing the antinociceptive properties of cannabinoids in the PAG have been conducted in naive animals. Few studies have reported on the role of CB1 receptors in the PAG during conditions which would prompt the administration of analgesics, namely, during pain states.
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