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Microglia are glial cells centrally related to pathophysiology and neuroimmunological regulation of pain through microglia-neuron crosstalk mechanisms. In contrast, anti-inflammatory mechanisms guided by immunological effectors such as IL-10 trigger the […]
Learn More >Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) nowadays has indications for several solid tumors. The current targets for ICIs are CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 receptors. Despite the clinical advantages derived from […]
Learn More >Microglia play pivotal roles in controlling CNS functions in diverse physiological and pathological contexts, including neuropathic pain, a chronic pain condition caused by lesions or diseases of the somatosensory nervous […]
Learn More >Chronic stress affects millions of people around the world, and it can trigger different behavioral disorders like nociceptive hypersensitivity and anxiety, among others. However, the mechanisms underlaying these chronic stress-induced […]
Learn More >Arthritis is a chronic disease that affects, approximately, 1 % of the total global population. It is characterized by chronic inflammation, accompanied in most of the cases of motor disability […]
Learn More >Many individuals with spinal cord injury live with debilitating chronic pain that may be neuropathic, nociceptive, or a combination of both in nature. Identification of brain regions demonstrating altered connectivity […]
Learn More >For many chemotherapy patients peripheral neuropathy is a debilitating side effect. Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) contains the alkaloid mitragynine (MG), which produces analgesia in multiple preclinical pain models. In humans, anecdotal […]
Learn More >The prevalence of chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) has increased dramatically the past decades, which combined with indiscriminate use of prescribed opioids has become a public health problem. Endocrine dysfunction may […]
Learn More >Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used in the treatment of inflammatory pain, such as in osteoarthritis. Ketorolac tromethamine is considered to be an NSAID with strong anti-inflammatory and […]
Learn More >Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by complex pain symptoms lacking impersonal considerations in diagnosis and treatment evaluation, which often happens in women. Chronic and persistent widespread pain is the key symptom […]
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