Rejected

Infrapatellar peripheral neural tumors, particularly neurofibromas, are rather rare entities reported in the literature. They are slow-growing lesions that usually do not exhibit clinical manifestations other than interspecific swelling or pain; hence, their diagnosis can be quite challenging. Therefore, scrutiny should include not only traditional clinical assessment and imaging but also more specific molecular biology techniques, such as immunohistochemistry.

The prevalence of perioperative anaphylaxis is 1 in 1250-20,000 anesthetics. Inhalational anesthesia is considered safe in patients with multiple drug allergies, as there have been no reports of anaphylaxis to volatile inhalational agents. Anesthetic management of six patients with documented allergy to all commonly used anesthetic drugs who underwent major surgeries under general anesthesia is described as a case series. The plan of anesthesia in these patients was an anesthetic gas-based general anesthesia without using muscle relaxants but with the use of intravenous fentanyl if patient was not allergic to it. Sevoflurane 8% in oxygen was used for induction. Following cessation of breathing and on attaining an end-tidal concentration of >4% sevoflurane, direct laryngoscopy and intubation were performed. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in nitrous oxide and oxygen mixture maintaining a lower end-tidal carbon dioxide. Hypotension and/or bradycardia were managed with intermittent intravenous boluses of adrenaline 20 μg. At the end of surgery, all anesthetic gases were cutoff, and patients were extubated when awake. No muscle relaxant was used in any of the cases. Two patients received fentanyl before induction, whereas others were given oral paracetamol 2 h before induction. Postoperative analgesia was provided with oral paracetamol which was given 2-4 h after surgery. Intraoperative period was uneventful for these patients. In patients with multiple drug allergies, inhalational agent-based general anesthesia can be considered as a safe alternative to regular anesthetic practice involving polypharmacy, with a reduced risk of perioperative adverse events.

Cholangitis in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) can lead to misdiagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Furthermore, it can mimic cholangiocellular carcinoma, which also can lead to inappropriate and potentially harmful treatment of the patient. An 18-year-old male patient with known UC presented with pain in his right upper abdomen and elevation of the cholestatic liver enzymes (alkaline phosphatase: 197 U/L, γ-glutamyltransferase: 229 U/L) and increased inflammatory parameters (leukocytosis and CrP of 13.6 mg/L). Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed unclear stenosis in the bifurcation of the main hepatic bile duct as well as in the prepapillary bile duct. Ultrasound (US) examination and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed dilatation of the intra -and extrahepatic bile ducts, which raised the suspicion of PSC. US image with dilated intra- and extrahepatic dilatation of the bile duct was also suggestive for autoimmune cholangitis. However, serum analysis revealed an elevated soluble interleukin-II receptor (1,305 U/mL), while immunoglobulin G4 was within normal ranges. Liver biopsy demonstrated hepatic inflammation and presence of granulomatous cells within the portal fields – convenient to sarcoidosis. After starting treatment with steroids, we observed a rapid clinical response with improvement of the dilated bile ducts and decrease of the initially elevated cholestatic liver enzymes. Sarcoidosis within the bile duct is a rare condition. Steroids are the treatment of choice and – along with the histology – are furthermore helpful to differentiate between several potential differential diagnoses like IgG4 cholangitis, primary biliary cholangitis, or PSC.

Research on learning in placebo and nocebo has relied predominantly on Pavlovian conditioning procedures. Operant learning procedures may more accurately model learning in real-life situations in which placebo and nocebo effects occur.

Tactile hypoesthesia observed in patients with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is sometimes reversible when pain is relieved by trigger point injections (TPIs). We aimed to investigate the prevalence of such reversible hypoesthesia during TPI therapy and topographical relations between areas of tactile hypoesthesia and myofascial trigger points (MTrP) in patients with MPS.

infection has been recognized to be a cause of severe malaria in recent time. We report findings from a prospective observational study aimed at analyzing the clinical spectrum, complications, and outcome of patients infected with malaria.

Renal colic is a common problem and significant number of patients presenting to ER, ED are suffering from acute or chronic renal colic. The conventional methods of investigating patients with renal colic are urine routine examination, plain radiograph for KUB (kidneys, ureters and bladder) and ultrasound followed by intravenous urography. Now a days non contrast enhanced computed tomography of kidneys, ureters and bladder is the first line investigation in suspected upper urinary tract obstruction. Radiation dose is one of the major limitations of CT KUB. Other limitations are cost and availability. The sensitivity and specificity of CT KUB is extremely high in the diagnosis of stones.

A mandibular buccal bifurcation cyst is an inflammatory cyst that usually occurs on the buccal aspect of the permanent mandibular first molar of children. This lesion is diagnosed by an association of radiographic, clinical, and histological features. We report a bilateral case of mandibular buccal bifurcation cyst and discuss the main findings of this entity. A 7-year-old girl presented pain and delayed dental eruption in the posterior mandibular region. A cone beam computed tomography was performed and revealed hypodense lesions involving the crown and root of the mandibular first molars, with expansion of the buccal cortical and lingual tilting of the molar roots. A biopsy was carried out, and the common features of an inflammatory odontogenic cyst were histologically observed. The final diagnosis was bilateral mandibular buccal bifurcation cyst. Clinicians need to be aware of this diagnostic possibility in cases of mandibular cysts in children-especially when bilateral-to perform the correct treatment, which should not involve the extraction of the affected tooth.

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is the most common cause of back and leg pain. We developed a specially designed needle and a minimally invasive interventional procedure to treat LDH.