Rejected

Nearly all who review the literature conclude that the role of invasive procedures to treat chronic pain is poorly characterized because of the lack of "definitive" studies. The overt nature of invasive treatments, along with the risks, technical skills, and costs involved create challenges to study them. However, these challenges do not completely preclude evaluating invasive procedure effectiveness and safety using well-designed methods. This article reviews the challenges of studying outcomes of invasive therapies to treat pain and discuss possible solutions. Although the following discussion can apply to most invasive therapies to treat chronic pain, it is beyond the scope of the article to individually cover every invasive therapy used. Therefore, most of the examples focus on injection therapies to treat spine pain, spinal cord stimulation, and intrathecal drug therapies.

Accumulating evidence suggests that neural oscillations at different frequencies and their synchrony between brain regions play a crucial role in the processing of nociceptive input and the emergence of pain. Most findings are limited by their correlative nature, however, which impedes causal inferences.

Mirizzi Syndrome (MS) is an uncommon complication of chronic gallstone disease defined as a common bile duct (CBD) obstruction secondary to gallstone impaction in the cystic duct or gallbladder neck. MS is still a challenging clinical situation: preoperative diagnosis of MS is complex and can be made in 18-62.5% of patients. Over 50% of patients with MS is diagnosed during surgery. In most of cases, laparotomy is the preferred surgical approach. We report the case of a 70-year-old woman with a history of asthenia, jaundice, abdominal pain and preoperative imaging that suggest the presence of biliary stones with a choledocal stenosis. Intraoperatively, a MS with cholecysto-biliary fistula involving less than two-thirds of the circumference of the bile duct was diagnosed and successfully treated.

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a relatively rare osseous disease of unknown etiology, wherein the normal bone is replaced by collagen-rich tissue, comprising of fibroblasts and variably abundant immature woven bone. Clinically, it may involve a single bone or multiple bones. It commonly arises in the jaw bone, skull, rib, and proximal femur. Those arising in the skull and the jaw are together termed "craniofacial fibrous dysplasia." The differential diagnosis at this location includes meningioma and metastatic carcinoma. In this report, we highlight two diagnostically challenging cases presenting with orbital swelling and headache as the main complaints. Our first case was misinterpreted as meningioma on intraoperative squash smear, and paraffin sections revealed characteristic features of FD. The second case highlights the morphological feature of non-specific cystic degeneration occurring in FD. Radiographs in such cases show cystic swelling, which is indicative of a secondary aneurysmal bone cyst.

To study the effects of sevoflurane on reproductive function and its main mechanism of action in male rats. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups and exposed to 0, 50, 300 and 1800 ppm of sevoflurane, respectively. After 15 days, the serum levels of sex hormones and inflammatory factors were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Left testis was taken for conventional histopathological examination and TUNEL staining. Right testis was used for sperm production and daily sperm count were evaluated daily. Johnsen score was used to categorize the spermatogenesis. The expression of related genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis were analyzed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Exposure to sevoflurane increased the levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), decreased the content of serum testosterone (T), reduced the concentration of testicular sperm, the production of daily sperm and Johnsen score, and damaged vas deferens in a dose dependent manner. In addition, chronic exposure to sevoflurane down-regulated transcription of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and kisspeptin (Kiss)-1 as well as its receptor GPR54 in hypothalamus, attenuated GnRH receptor and LH-β mRNA levels, but increased FSH-β mRNA in pituitary gland, and enhanced mRNA of LH receptor and FSH receptor, but decreased INH-α and INH-βA mRNA levels in testes. Sevoflurane induces disorders of spermatogenesis and causes testicular injury. The underlying mechanism may be related to the imbalance of sex hormones in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

The assessment of patients likely to undergo lung resection surgery is a multidisciplinary approach involving pulmonologists, surgeons and anaesthesiologists. In thoracic surgery, medical operability is also a calculation of postoperative lung function. A mobile application – PreParAPP MSD – to calculate postoperative lung function has been developed with the endorsement of the Italian Society of Anaesthesia, Analgesia and Intensive Care and with the unconditional support of MSD Italia. Thanks to a simple graphic interface, the calculation becomes fast and intuitive, while the possibility of storing and sharing data in an analytical and computerised way with other clinicians might help with the full assessment of patients without forcing them to undergo several medical examinations. These simple calculated parameters are performed by a minority of clinicians, generally anaesthesiologists. In our facility, there is a team involved in the perioperative evaluation of lung resection surgery (13 pulmonologists, 9 surgeons and 5 anaesthesiologists). In order to evaluate the possible Awareness towards postoperative lung function calculation better, we organised an internal survey with 27 clinicians who are members of such a team before and after the introduction of the PreParAPP MSD. It was found that after the introduction of PreParAPP MSD, the percentage of clinicians involved in postoperative lung function calculation rose from 18% to 70%. The implementation of a digital tool may help to improve guideline adherence, in accordance with other experiences in which such tools represented the start for various quality improvement purposes throughout the medical field.

Chronic pain is common in terminally ill patients with cancer and affects their quality of life. In this study, we wanted to evaluate pain severity and the adequacy of prescribed analgesics in terminally ill patients with cancer in North Palestine.

Sixty-five-year old male patient applied to our clinic with nonspecific complaints such as tinnitus, otalgia, headache, halitosis, and persistent globus pharyngeus which had been continued for 5 years. His complaints persisted despite different extensive treatments. In nasoendoscopy, a yellow-colored mass with purulent discharge around was observed in eustachian tube opening in left fossa of Rosenmüller. Computed tomography scan showed a mass of 6 × 6 mm size in left fossa of Rosenmüller. After excision of the mass under local anesthesia, significant reductions were observed in patient's symptoms. Histopathology of the mass was reported as rhinolith. Although fossa of Rosenmüller is a quite rare localization for rhinoliths, it needs to be considered in differential diagnosis of patients with nonspecific symptoms such as halitosis, globus pharyngeus, and otalgia. This report represents a patient with rhinolith localized in fossa of Rosenmüller as the 2nd report in the literature.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the most effective analgesic route of magnesium sulfate (MgSO) either intravenous (i.v.) or pectoralis interfascial plane block.