Rejected

Coated microneedles have emerged as a promising drug delivery system for inflammatory pain treatment. We have previously shown that tramadol injection in to the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) induces an antinociceptive and an anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, microneedles coated with tramadol were investigated as a painless platform to treat TMJ pain. Male Wistar rats were administered tramadol using an intra TMJ injection or with microneedles coated with tramadol, followed by 1.5% formalin nociceptive challenge administered 15 minutes later. The nociceptive behavior of rats was evaluated, and their periarticular tissues were removed after euthanasia for analysis. The duration of antinociceptive effect was determined by performing the formalin challenge at different time points extending up to six days post tramadol administration. Microneedles coated with tramadol produced an antinociceptive effect similar to injection of tramadol in to the rat TMJ. Surprisingly, tramadol delivery using coated microneedles produced a more durable antinociceptive effect lasting as much as two days post tramadol delivery as compared to an antinociceptive effect lasting under two hours from intra TMJ injection of tramadol. The pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β were found to be reduced while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was found to be elevated in tramadol-treated groups. In conclusion, microneedles coated with tramadol can offer a painless and an easy-to-use therapeutic option for pain-control of inflammatory disorders in the TMJ.

A meta-analysis was performed to assess the risk of common adverse events in melanoma patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors.

Pain and delirium are highly prevalent in the same patient groups. Disturbances in attention, awareness and cognition are characteristic for delirium and can compromise pain assessment.

MINI: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. Expression of PON1 is suppressed in degenerated discs and degenerative NP cell models. Knockdown of PON1 showed increased inflammatory and oxidative stress levels and decreased extracellular matrix levels in NP cells. PON1 might be a target for IVDD treatment.

Head and facial pain is a common and often difficult to treat disorder. Routine treatments sometimes fail to provide acceptable relief, leaving the patient searching for something else, including narcotics and surgery. Recently, neuromodulation has been expanding to provide another option. Secondary to its potentially temporary nature and relatively manageable risk profile, several reviews have suggested trialing neuromodulation prior to starting narcotics or invasive permanent surgeries. There is evidence that neuromodulation can make a difference in those patients with intractable severe craniofacial pain.

Dynamic knee valgus (DKV) is an abnormal movement pattern visually characterized by excessive medial movement of the lower extremity during weight bearing. Differences in hip and knee kinematic components of DKV may explain the emergence of different pain problems in people who exhibit the same observed movement impairment. Using a secondary analysis of exiting data sets, we sought to determine whether hip and knee frontal and transverse plane angles during a functional task differed between women with patellofemoral pain and women with chronic hip joint pain, and the relationship between joint-specific kinematics and pain in these 2 pain populations.

Upper limb nerve injuries are common, and their treatment poses a challenge for physicians and surgeons. Experimental models help in minimum exploration of the functional characteristics of peripheral nerve injuries of forelimbs. This study was conducted to characterize the functional recovery (1, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days) after median and ulnar nerve crush in mice and analyze the histological and biochemical markers of nerve regeneration (after 21 days). Sensory-functional impairments appeared after 1 day. The peripheral nerve morphology, the nerve structure, and the density of myelin proteins [myelin protein zero (P0) and peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22)] were analyzed after 21 days. Cold allodynia and fine motor coordination recovery occurred on the 10th day, and grip strength recovery was observed on the 14th day after injury. After 21 days, there was partial myelin sheath recovery. PMP22 recovery was complete, whereas P0 recovery was not. Results suggest that there is complete functional recovery even with partial remyelination of median and ulnar nerves in mice.

Groin pain is one of the common problems in multidirectional sports. It seems that abnormal muscular activity and improper movement strategy led to prolongation and high rate of this injury. Therefore, the aim of this study was to Comparing the Average amplitude of Electromyography (AEMG), co-contraction ratio (CCR) of selected thigh and thoracic muscle during turning in individuals with chronic groin pain and healthy individuals.

Intracranial artery dissection secondary to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is far less common than cerebral aneurysm. A 55-year-old man presented a sudden onset of headache and disturbed consciousness caused by ischemic stroke in the bilateral frontal lobes with minor subarachnoid hemorrhage. The bilateral anterior cerebral arteries were firstly occluded and re-perfused with irregular narrowing and dilation in 3 days after stroke onset, indicating dissection. He was diagnosed with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by abdominal CT findings and by his family history though his renal function was almost normal. Dissection in the anterior cerebral artery has not been reported previously, while some cases with dissection in the vertebral and extracranial arteries were reported in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. His family also had a history of aortic dissection and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Intracranial artery dissection may be a manifestation of systemic arteriopathy with familial clustering in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Strict antihypertensive treatment is needed in these cases.

Mastalgia is the most common benign breast disorder during the fertility period of women. So far a wide range of natural or complementary medicines is used to cure mastalgia. Sanitary organizations need complete and suitable details to help women, for making the proper decision for alternative treatment based on the evidence. The aim of the present study is to introduce medicinal plant-based treatments about mastalgia and summarizes clinical trials about this disorder.