Rejected

In course of the new migraine drug development on the global market it is important to quantify the current burden of migraine medication. This study aimed to estimate the comorbidity burden and its relation to healthcare costs in patients using triptans in Switzerland by analyzing a large population-based database.

Mandibular third molar extractions are common treatment in oral maxillofacial surgery, but risk disturbance of the lingual nerves causing anesthesia, eating difficulty and allodynia, which can seriously reduce patient quality of life. This study investigates the change in allodynia before and after repair in patients with lingual nerve disorder.

Due to the difficulties encountered in the treatment process of patients with chronic pain, it is of utmost importance to involve patients themselves in their rehabilitation trajectory. Patient engagement can be obtained by motivating patients to select their own treatment goals. We hypothesize that applying goalsetting, as a form of patient empowerment, in potential candidates for Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) may further improve the outcome of SCS. As a first step in creating patient empowerment, patients' goals that they aim to achieve with SCS will be explored.

The present study investigated the effect of the continentalic acid (CNT) isolated from the Aralia Continentalis against the LPS and E. coli-induced nephrotoxicity. The LPS and E. coli administration markedly altered the behavioral parameters including spontaneous pain, tail suspension and survival rate. However, the treatment with CNT dose dependently improved the behavioral parameters. The CNT treatment significantly improved the renal functions test (RFTs) and hematological parameters following LPS and E. coli-induced kidney injury. Furthermore, the LPS and E. coli administration markedly compromised the anti-oxidant enzymes and enhanced the oxidative stress markers. However, the CNT treatment markedly enhanced the anti-oxidants enzymes such as GSH, GST, Catalase and SOD, while attenuated the oxidative stress markers such as MDA and POD. The MPO enzyme is widely used marker for the neutrophilic infiltration, the LPS and E. coli administration markedly increased the MPO activity. However, the CNT treatment markedly attenuated the MPO activity in both LPS and E. coli-induced kidney injury. Furthermore, the CNT treatment markedly attenuated the NO production compared to the LPS and E. coli-induced kidney injury group. Additionally, the CNT treatment improved the histological parameters markedly (H and E, PAS and Masson's trichome staining) and protect the kidney from the inflammatory insult of the LPS and E. coli evidently. The comet assay revealed marked DNA damage, however, the CNT treatment markedly prevented the LPS and E. coli-induced kidney damage. The CNT treatment markedly enhanced the expression of Nrf2, while attenuated the iNOS expression in both models of kidney injury.

To evaluate the dose-response relationship of daridorexant, a new dual orexin receptor antagonist, on sleep variables in subjects with insomnia disorder.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is reported as a devastating disease, leading to tissue loss and neurologic dysfunction. However, there is no effective therapeutic strategy for SCI treatment. Oleanolic acid (OA), as a triterpenoid, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. However, its regulatory effects on SCI have little to be elucidated, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, we attempted to explore the role of OA in SCI progression. Behavior tests suggested that OA treatments markedly alleviated motor function in SCI mice. Evans blue contents up-regulated in spinal cords of SCI mice were significantly reduced by OA in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating the improved blood-spinal cord barrier. Moreover, we found that OA treatments significantly reduced the apoptotic cell death in spinal cord samples of SCI mice through decreasing the expression of cleaved Caspase-3. In addition, pro-inflammatory response in SCI mice was significantly attenuated by OA treatments. Furthermore, SCI mice exhibited higher activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, but these effects were clearly blocked in SCI mice with OA treatments, as evidenced by the down-regulated phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun-NH 2 terminal kinase (JNK), IκB kinase α (IKKα), inhibitor of nuclear factor κB-α (IκBα) and NF-κB. The protective effects of OA against SCI were confirmed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse neurons mainly through the suppression of apoptosis and inflammatory response, which were tightly associated with the blockage of p38 and JNK activation. Together, our data demonstrated that OA treatments could dose-dependently ameliorate spinal cord damage through impeding p38- and JNK-regulated apoptosis and inflammation, and therefore OA might be served as an effective therapeutic agent for SCI treatment.

Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumour (DLGNT) is a rare disease classified in 2016. There are different views of the clinical, pathologic and neuroradiologic characteristics of DLGNT due to the minor studies on this disease.

Carbamazepine is an effective drug for treating seizures and trigeminal neuralgia. Therapeutic drug monitoring of free carbamazepine in serum can be useful in situations that drug–protein binding is altered to guide regimen adjustment and to aid in the diagnosis of clinical toxicity.

Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), or chronic benign familial pemphigus, is a rare inherited acantholytic dermatosis, characterized by chronic, recurrent vesicles, erosions, and maceration in intertriginous sites. We present a case of a male patient with longstanding HHD who presented with an acute exacerbation characterized by the worsening of pre-existing lesions but also with the appearance of new large, tense bullae on an erythematous base in the areas of the groin (i.e., inguinal region), trunk, and arms, associated with intense pruritus. Blood work revealed eosinophilia. Histopathology and direct immunofluorescence were compatible with the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid (BP). Indirect immunofluorescence showed positivity for autoantibodies to BP antigen 180. We started oral methylprednisolone, oral antihistamines, and local care with potassium permanganate baths, a potent corticosteroid, and fusidic acid, with resulting improvement of the lesions. The case was further complicated by the occurrence of eczema herpeticum, which was successfully treated with acyclovir. At the time of discharge from the hospital, the patient was medicated with a low dose of oral steroid and oral doxycycline. During a later examination, the lesions had totally disappeared, but the skin had some residual hyperpigmented patches and excoriated papules. This case was a diagnostic challenge due to the simultaneous occurrence of three distinct bullous diseases with different etiopathogeneses. To our knowledge, there are no other reports of the coexistence of HHD and BP in the literature.