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Plenty evidences suggests that neuroinflammation and oxidative stress augmented the neural sensitivity specifying that neuro-immune response is involved in the pathophysiology of pain. Ferulic acid (FA), a natural antioxidant found […]
Analgesic tolerance due to long-term use of morphine remains a challenge for pain management. Morphine acts on μ-opioid receptors and downstream of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling pathway to activate the mammalian […]
Pain highly impacts the quality of life of patients. Morphine is used for pain treatment; however, its side effects, especially morphine tolerance, limit its use in the clinic. The problem […]
Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is one of the most common and intractable complications of diabetes. Painful diabetic neuropathy is characterized by neuropathic pain accompanied by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptor […]
Central sensitization (CS) is commonly seen in chronic pain disorders, including neuropathic pain. However, there exist inconsistencies concerning the presence of CS in chronic pain secondary to carpal tunnel syndrome […]
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome characterized by chronic musculoskeletal pain. Its clinical symptoms include both somatic and psychiatric symptoms, making the treatment of FM extremely challenging. The cause of FM […]
While numerous studies have emphasized the pivotal involvement of the Interleukin 6 (IL-6) pathway in the development of chronic pain, the causal nature of this relationship remains uncertain.
When theoretically discussing pain, the distinction between acute and chronic pain is not always taken into consideration. By contrast, informed by the pain medicine distinction between acute and chronic pain, […]
Endometriosis is a painful disease that affects around 5% of women of reproductive age. In endometriosis, ectopic endometrial cells or seeded endometrial debris grow in abnormal locations including the peritoneal […]