Accepted

Fibromyalgia (FM) remains a condition with a pathogenesis that is not completely understood, affecting a significant portion of the global population. This article summarises the main advances in FM during […]

A film-forming system (FFS) represents a convenient topical dosage form for drug delivery. In this study, a non-commercial poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) was chosen to formulate an FFS containing salicylic acid […]

Acute pain management remains a challenge and postoperative pain is often undermanaged despite many available treatment options, also including cannabinoids.

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a highly debilitating facial pain condition. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the main method for generating insights into the central mechanisms of TN pain in humans. […]

Since the advent of spinal cord stimulation (SCS), advances in technology have allowed for improvement and treatment of various conditions, especially chronic pain. Additionally, as the system has developed, the […]

Existing evidence suggests that the composition of the gut microbiota is associated with neuropathic pain (NP), but the mechanistic link is elusive. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) has been shown […]

Physiological pain serves as a warning of exposure to danger and prompts us to withdraw from noxious stimuli to prevent tissue damage. Pain can also alert us of an infection […]

The transmembrane glycoprotein OX40 receptor (OX40) and its ligand, OX40L, are instrumental modulators of the adaptive immune response in humans. OX40 functions as a costimulatory molecule that promotes T cell […]

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and nitric oxide (NO) have been recognized as important mediators in migraine but their mechanisms of action and interaction have not been fully elucidated. Monoclonal anti-CGRP […]

In the diagnosis of migraine, which is a neurovascular disease, gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are used to rule out more serious conditions. On the other hand, it remains unclear as […]