Accepted

Neuroimmune signaling is a key process underlying neuropathic pain. Clinical studies have demonstrated that translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), a putative marker of neuroinflammation, is upregulated in discrete brain regions of […]

Ketamine is a potent sedative and dissociative anesthetic agent that has been used clinically for over 50 years since it was first developed in the 1960 s as an alternative to phencyclidine […]

Opioid activation of the microglia or macrophage Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and associated inflammatory cytokine release are implicated in opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of interferon genes […]

Inflammation is a hallmark of many diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, type II diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been a cornerstone in the […]

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a promising tool for identifying the physiological biomarkers of fibromyalgia (FM). Evidence suggests differences in power band and density between individuals with FM and healthy controls. EEG […]

About a quarter of migraine cases among women have menstrual migraine (MM), which is usually more severe, longer lasting, and less responsive to treatment than typical migraine. Randomized controlled trials […]

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative disease resulting in joint deterioration. It is a whole organ disease characterized by cartilage degeneration and varying degrees of synovitis, involving pathological changes in […]

The factors that contribute to pain after nerve injury remain incompletely understood. Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) are common surgical techniques to correct refractive errors. After […]

Paradoxical associations have been observed for leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and occupational physical activity (OPA) and several health-related outcomes. Typically, higher LTPA is associated with health benefits and high OPA […]

Chronic pain is a major burden and the complexities of chronic pain pathophysiology, including both peripheral and central sensitisation mechanisms, involves multiple cell types (neuronal, immune, neuroimmune, and vascular) which […]