Accepted

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disease. Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), widely distributed on the surface of a variety […]

The Economy of action hypothesis postulates that bodily states rescale the perception of the individual’s environment’s spatial layout. The estimation of distances and slopes in navigation space (i.e. the space […]

Chronic pain (CP) not only causes physical discomfort but also significantly affects cognition. This review first summarizes emerging findings that reveal complex associations between CP and cognitive impairments, and then […]

Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist that was first discovered in 1962, has become established in anaesthesia providing dose-dependent anaesthetic, sedative, and analgesic effects. Ketamine, however, also acts on a […]

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) are known to contribute to both protective and pronociceptive processes. However, their contribution to neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury […]

Autonomic regulation has been identified as a potential regulator of pain via vagal nerve mediation, assessed through heart rate variability (HRV). Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation (nVNS) and heart rate variability […]

Chronic itch which is primarily associated with dermatologic, systemic, or metabolic disorders is often refractory to most current antipruritic medications, thus highlighting the need for improved therapies. Oxidative damage is […]

Behavior change often requires overcoming discomfort or difficult emotions. Emotional dysregulation associated with anxiety or depression may prevent behavior change initiation among people managing chronic illness. Mindfulness training may catalyze […]