Accepted

Cluster headache is a primary headache disorder that leads to attacks of excruciating unilateral head pain with ipsilateral cranial autonomic features. These attacks can cluster, with frequent occurrences for weeks or months at a time followed by a period of complete remission. The excruciating pain of these attacks often is accompanied by increased suicidality, delays in diagnosis, and unnecessary invasive interventions. This article reviews the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of cluster headache.

Renal colic is described as one of the worst types of pain, and effective analgesia in the shortest possible time is of paramount importance.

To evaluate whether transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) reduces opioid use after cesarean birth.

Worldwide, there is an increasing trend of performing more complex operations in a day care setting, usually driven by economic considerations. Provision of appropriate pain relief is still inadequate in this setting. Poor pain control and adverse effects of opioids provided for pain control are common reasons for readmission, with human and economic consequences. The aim of this review was to develop evidence-based protocol for pain management of day surgery in a resource limited setting.

The past century has seen significant advances in the practice of obstetric anesthesiology. This article will review the role of Anesthesia & Analgesia and the International Anesthesia Research Society in contributing to fundamental paradigm shifts in our understanding of obstetric anesthesiology.

Diabetic somatic neuropathy is one of the most prevalent complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Many treatments were investigated to alleviate the pain associated with this condition. Capsaicin is a naturally occurring lipophilic alkaloid that proved to be an effective and safe treatment of chronic painful disorders. Despite the known therapeutic benefits of capsaicin, the conventional topical formulations have limited bioavailability. Therefore, the current study aims to develop capsaicin nanoemulgel to increase skin permeation and enhance its activity against neuropathic pain. Low-energy emulsification method was used to prepare nanoemulsions, using eucalyptus oil as the oily phase, Tween 80 as a surfactant, propylene glycol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol as co-surfactants. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to investigate and optimize the formulation. Subsequently, the optimum formulation was formulated as a nanoemulgel and investigated for, skin permeation using Franz diffusion cell, and diabetic neuropathy (DN) management using alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The selected nanoemulsion containing 0.05% capsaicin is composed of 8 % oil, 24 % S (Tween 80: isopropyl alcohol 2:1 w/w) and 68 % water. It is characterized by nanosized globules (28.15 ± 0.24 nm) with a relatively low polydispersity index (0.27 ± 0.05). The nanoemulgel revealed 4-fold increase in capsaicin cumulative permeation when compared to the conventional gel, and an improvement in its antinociceptive properties was observed in the treated diabetic mice ( < 0.05). The selected capsaicin nanoemulgel would be a promising transdermal formulation that may alleviate diabetic neuropathy in T1D patients.