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The current opioid epidemic is a national health crisis marked by skyrocketing reports of opioid misuse and overdose deaths. Despite the risks involved, prescription opioid analgesics are the most powerful […]
Learn More >Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) promote extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and cellular inflammatory responses by activating a variety of cellular pathways, ultimately inducing cell apoptosis […]
Learn More >Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent condition worldwide associated with pain, progressive disability, reduced participation in social activities, and impaired quality of life. Despite its growing burden, the therapeutic options […]
Learn More >Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is an important contributor of low back pain, which represents one of the most disabling symptoms within the adult population. Recently, increasing evidence suggests the potential […]
Learn More >Pain is a public health concern worldwide and can present simultaneously with anxiety and depression. c-Fos is a marker used to identify activated cells in response to various stimuli. Specifically, […]
Learn More >Interest has been focused in recent years on the analgesic effects exerted by adenosine and its receptors, A, A, A, and A adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes, in different in vivo […]
Learn More >Cannabis has been used for centuries to treat pain. The antinociceptive activity of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or cannabidiol (CBD) has been widely studied. However, the antinociceptive effects of other cannabis components, […]
Learn More >The loss of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) is recognized as a predictor of chronic pain. Mechanistically, DNIC produces analgesia by a heterotopically applied conditioning-noxious stimulus (CS) and yet underexplored […]
Learn More >Oxytocin receptor (OTR) activation at the spinal level produces antinociception. Some data suggest that central OTR activation enhances social interaction via an increase of endocannabinoids (eCB), but we do not […]
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