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The opioid epidemic has impacted over 10 million Americans in 2019. Opioids, like morphine, bind non-selectively in both peripheral tissue, leading to effective pain relief, and central tissue, resulting in dangerous […]
Learn More >The pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) has not been elucidated, but urinary microorganisms and metabolites have been shown to be closely associated with the inflammatory response of IC/BPS. […]
Learn More >The incidence of chronic pancreatitis is 5 to 12 per 100 000 adults in industrialized countries, and the incidence is increasing. Treatment is multimodal, and involves nutrition optimization, pain management, and […]
Learn More >The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) is a key brain area within the descending pain modulatory pathway and an important target for opioid-induced analgesia. The vlPAG contains heterogeneous neurons with respect […]
Learn More >Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain the mainstay of the pharmacologic management for relieving osteoarthritis (OA) pain and low-dose aspirin is often prescribed to OA patients who are at high risk […]
Learn More >Chronic venous disease (CVD) and knee osteoarthritis (KOA) are two common diseases in the elderly. Both share common risk factors, such as age, sex, and obesity, and are believed to […]
Learn More >Cyclooxygenase (COX), in literature, known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme that is responsible for the formation of prostanoids, including thromboxane and prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. COX-1 does housekeeping […]
Learn More >Acute gouty arthritis is inflammatory joint arthritis. Gouty arthritis (GA) involves multiple pathological processes. Deposition of joints by monosodium urate (MSU) crystals has been shown to play a critical role […]
Learn More >Pain, although unpleasant, is an essential warning mechanism against injury and damage of the organism. An intricate network of specialised sensors and transmission systems contributes to reception, transmission and central […]
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Treat-to-target in the management of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in adults: A Canadian perspective.