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Traditionally prescribed for mood disorders, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have shown promising therapeutic effects on chronic neuralgia and irritable bowel syndrome. However, the mechanism by which these atypical effects manifest is […]
Learn More >Chronic pain, whether of inflammatory or neuropathic origin, affects about 18% of the population of developed countries, and most current treatments are only moderately effective and/or cause serious side effects. […]
Learn More >Chronic pain is long-lasting pain that often persists during chronic diseases or after recovery from disease or injury. It often causes serious side effects, such as insomnia, anxiety, or depression […]
Learn More >Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent autoimmune ailment that is typified by the development of pannus, proliferation of synovial lining cells, microvascular neogenesis, infiltration of interstitial inflammatory cells, and destruction […]
Learn More >Morphine is a drug used in chronic pain such as diabetic neuropathy, but the development of tolerance to its antinociceptive effect is an important clinical problem. Aspirin is an analgesic […]
Learn More >Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is characterized by disabling joint pain that can cause persistent arthritis in approximately one-fourth of patients. Currently, no standard treatments are available for chronic CHIKV arthritis. Our […]
Learn More >Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist first developed as an anesthetic, has shown significant promise as a medication with rapid antidepressant properties in treatment-resistant depression. However, concerns such as adverse […]
Learn More >Neuropathic pain is a common, debilitating chronic pain condition caused by damage or a disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain is critical for […]
Learn More >Opioids are powerful analgesics commonly used in pain management. However, opioids can induce complex neuroadaptations, including synaptic plasticity, that ultimately drive severe side effects, such as pain hypersensitivity and strong […]
Learn More >The pathology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) begins with structural cartilage damage, which initiates a self-propagating inflammatory pathway that further exacerbates cartilage deterioration. Current standard of care for knee primary OA […]
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