Rejected

Raddi (Anacardiaceae) is popularly known in Brazil as and has pharmacological use as an astringent, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, depurative, diuretic, and antifebrile agent. Although the neuropathic antinociceptive potential of fruits has already been investigated, this study is the first one to analyze the acute antinociceptive effect of the essential oil of (female) leaves (EOFSt) on adult zebrafish. EOFSt was submitted to antioxidant activity evaluation by two methods (ferrous ion-chelating capacity [FIC] and β-carotene). The animals ( = 6/group) were treated orally (20 μL) with EOFSt (0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/mL) or vehicle (0.9% sodium chloride [NaCl]; 20 μL), and submitted to nociception (formalin, cinnamaldehyde, capsaicin, glutamate, acidic saline, and hypertonic saline). Possible neuromodulation mechanisms, as well motor alterations and toxicity were also evaluated. In the FIC assay, EOFSt showed ferrous ion-chelating capacity in ∼40% to 90%. Regarding the β-carotene bleaching assay, EOFSt showed inhibition in a 58% to 80% range. Oral administration of EOFSt showed no acute toxicity and did not alter the locomotor system of aZF, and reduced the nociceptive behavior in all tested models. These effects of EOFSt were significantly similar to those of morphine, used as a positive control. The antinociceptive effect of EOFSt was inhibited by naloxone, L-NAME, ketamine, camphor, ruthenium red, and amiloride. The antinociceptive effect of the EOFSt cornea was inhibited by capsazepine. EOFSt has the pharmacological potential for acute pain treatment and this effect is modulated by the opioid system, NMDA receptors, and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and acid-sensing ion channels. The EOFSt also has the pharmacological potential for corneal pain treatment and this effect is modulated by the TRPV1 channel.

Clinical suspicion of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is imprecise due to non-specific symptoms such as headache. The aim was to retrospectively assess the diagnostic value of nonenhanced CT (neCT) in patients with nontraumatic headache and clinically suspected CVST.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes explosive epidemics of a febrile illness characterized by debilitating arthralgia and arthritis and can endure for months to years following infection. In mouse models, CHIKV persists in joint tissues for weeks to months and is associated with chronic synovitis. Using a recombinant CHIKV strain encoding a CD8 T cell receptor epitope from ovalbumin, as well as a viral peptide-specific MHC class I tetramer, we interrogated CD8 T cell responses during CHIKV infection. Epitope-specific CD8 T cells, which were reduced in and mice with known defects in antigen cross-presentation, accumulated in joint tissue and the spleen. Antigen-specific restimulation assays and killing assays demonstrated that CD8 T cells produce cytokine and have cytolytic activity. Despite the induction of a virus-specific CD8 T cell response, CHIKV burden in joint-associated tissues and the spleen were equivalent in wild-type (WT) and CD8α mice during both the acute and chronic phases of infection. In comparison, CD8 T cells were essential for control of acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the joint and spleen. Moreover, adoptive transfer of virus-specific effector CD8 T cells, or immunization with a vaccine that induces virus-specific effector CD8 T cells, prior to infection enhanced clearance of CHIKV infection in the spleen, but had minimal impact on CHIKV infection in the joint. Collectively, these data suggest that CHIKV establishes and maintains a persistent infection in joint-associated tissue in part, by evading CD8 T cell immunity.CHIKV is a re-emerging mosquito-transmitted virus that in the last decade has spread into Europe, Asia, the Pacific Region, and the Americas. Joint pain, swelling and stiffness can endure for months to years after CHIKV infection, and epidemics have severe economic impact. Elucidating mechanisms by which CHIKV subverts antiviral immunity to establish and maintain a persistent infection may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies against chronic CHIKV disease. In this study, we find that CHIKV establishes and maintains a persistent infection in joint-associated tissue in part, by evading antiviral CD8 T cell immunity. Thus, immunomodulatory therapies that improve CD8 T cell immune surveillance and clearance of CHIKV infection could be a strategy for mitigating chronic CHIKV disease.

There has recently been increasing interest in the use of peri-operative intravenous lidocaine (IVL) due to its analgesic, anti-inflammatory and opioid-sparing effects. However, these potential benefits are not well established in elective colorectal surgery.

Determine whether preinjury concussion symptom factors predict postinjury concussion symptom factors.

The aim of the study was to assess safety and efficacy of 50-mg tramadol in reducing patient-perceived pain during colposcopy.

Conventional treatment options for trochlear pain arising from trochleitis or primary trochlear headache include oral anti-inflammatory medications and/or local injection of corticosteroids and local anesthetic. Trochleaectomy is an additional option to consider for monocular patients with intractable trochlear pain.

To compare the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection versus placebo (saline injection) on pain and joint function in lateral epicondylitis in randomized placebo-controlled trials. Randomized controlled trials that evaluated pain (visual analog scale [VAS] and patient-rated tennis elbow evaluation [PRTEE]) and/or functional improvement (PRTEE; disability of the arm, shoulder, and hand [DASH]; and Roles-Maudsley score [RMS]) in patients diagnosed with lateral epicondylitis and compared PRP with placebo injections were considered. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched from inception to October 2019. The assessment of bias was performed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool version 1. The meta-analysis was conducted with a random effects model and generic inverse variance method. Five trials involving a total of 276 individuals were included. They used a parallel study design and saline solution as placebo. The mean age of participants was 48.0 ± 9.3 years. Follow-up varied from 2 months to 1 year. No significant changes were noted for pain (standardized mean difference [SMD], - 0.51 [95% confidence interval (CI), - 1.32 to - 0.30]) nor functional scores (SMD, - 0.07 [95% CI, - 0.46 to 0.33]) between PRP and placebo injections. The most frequent adverse reaction reported in two of the five studies was transient post-injection pain for a few days (from 16 to 20% in the PRP group and from 8 to 16% in the placebo group). PRP injection was not superior to placebo for relieving pain and joint functionality in chronic lateral epicondylitis. However, patients reported improvement after both interventions in such clinical parameters. Further randomized trials are required to determine whether PRP injection is clinically more effective than placebo (saline injection).

This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of segmentation-independent volume rendering (SI-VR) in visualising the root entry zone (REZ), and to explore the influence on the management of vascular compression syndromes (VCSs).

To compare the effect of different supraorbital foramen variations on the clinical efficacy of radiofrequency treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia V1. The clinical data of 62 patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia (V1 branch) from February 2011 to August 2017 in the first hospital of Jiaxing were analyzed retrospectively. According to the shape of supraorbital foramen, the patients were divided into foramen group (28) and incisional group (34). The age, sex, course time, CT scan times of the two groups were recorded, and the mean rank of NRS scores and effective rates (NRS≤1) before operation, 1 day after operation, 6 months after operation, 1 year after operation and 2 years after operation were statistically analyzed, as well as the difference of numbness degree in 1 day and 2 years after operation. The short-term and long-term complications were recorded. There was no significant difference in age, gender, course time, CT scan times, preoperative NRS and postoperative NRS between the two groups (0.05). Compared with the preoperative, the mean rank of NRS in the two groups decreased significantly at each postoperative time point, and the difference was statistically significant (all 0.05). Foramen group of postoperative 1 d Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ numbness rate were 0, 53.6%, 46.4% and 0 respectively, after 2 years were 42.9%, 46.4%, 10.7% and 0 respectively. Incisional group of postoperative 1 d Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ numbness rate were 0, 29.4%, 67.6% and 2.9% respectively, after 2 years were 55.9%, 38.2%, 5.9% and 0 respectively. The degree of numbness 2 years after the operation was reduced in both groups compared with that 1 day after the operation, and the difference was statistically significant (all 0.05). The effective rates of the foramen group and the incisional group were 78.6% and 52.9%, respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ(2)=4.406, 0.05) . The patient had no other serious complications in the near and long term except for the swelling of puncture point. The short and long-term effective rates of supraperitoneal foramen in anatomical variants for the radiofrequency treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia V1 are higher. The supraorbital foramen have higher long-term effective rates, there are no other serious adverse reactions excepting numbness, and the patients have a higher acceptability.