Rejected

Dangerous behavior is considered an undesired trait, often attributed to poor training or bad-tempered horses. Unfortunately, horses with progressive signs of dangerous behavior are often euthanized due to concerns for rider safety and limitations in performance. However, this dangerous behavior may actually originate from chronic axial skeleton pain. This case series describes the medical histories and clinical presentations of horses presented for performance limitations and dangerous behavior judged to be related to intractable axial skeleton pain. Fourteen horses that developed severe performance limitations resulting in euthanasia were included. A complete spinal examination and behavioral responses, gait and neurologic evaluations, diagnostic imaging, gross pathologic and histopathologic examinations of the axial skeleton were performed on all horses. A tentative diagnosis of the affected spinal region was formulated using medical records, owner and trainer complaints, and antemortem examination findings. The selected spinal regions were further examined with gross and histopathologic evaluations of the associated osseous, soft tissue and neural tissues. Ten horses showed severe behavioral responses during the myofascial and mobilization examinations. Based on an aggregate evaluation, the cervicothoracic and lumbosacral regions were the most common regions believed to be the primary area of concern. All horses had moderate to severe ganglionitis present at multiple vertebral levels. Subdural and epidural hemorrhage or hematomas were a common finding (71%) in the cervicothoracic and lumbosacral regions. In this case series, neuropathic (i.e., structural) pain was judged to be the underlying cause of dangerous behavior. The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) serve an important role in relaying peripheral sensory information to the central nervous system and ganglionitis has been associated with neuropathic pain syndromes. This series highlights the need for more in-depth understanding of pain behavior and its clinical presentation and progression in chronic or severely affected horses. Limitations of the study are the lack of age-matched control DRG and the incomplete collection of DRG from every vertebral level of interest.

Several neurological conditions might worsen with the exposure to high altitude (HA). The aim of this review was to summarize the available knowledge on the neurological HA illnesses and the risk for people with neurological disorders to attend HA locations.

Cerebellar liponeurocytoma is a rare benign neoplasm of the central nervous system, which arises mainly in adult patients with only 3 cases reported in children. Due to its rarity, the diagnosis and treatment strategies for cerebellar liponeurocytoma remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the epidemiology, clinical features, imaging findings, pathological characteristics, different diagnoses, treatment, and prognosis of cerebellar liponeurocytoma in juveniles.

Nonpharmacological pain management refers to providing pain management intervention that does not involve the use of drugs. Effective management of a patient's pain is a vital nursing activity, and it needs a nurse's adequate pain-related knowledge and a favorable attitude. Globally, many studies stated that the lack of knowledge and unfavorable attitude of nurses towards nonpharmacological pain management was the prevailing persistent challenge.

Male, 68 years old, suffering from prurigo nodularis for 7 months, and did not show any significant improvement after oral and topical medications. After 4 months of acupuncture treatment, the NRS for itch scores decreased from 9 to 1; the NRS for sleep scores increased from 5 to 9; HADS decreased from 14 to 2; DLQI decreased from 9 to 5; IGA decreased from 4 to 3. After a 2-month follow-up, the patient was stable in all aspects without new rash.

Previous studies have identified altered brain changes in chronic pain patients, however, it remains unclear whether these changes are reversible. We summarized the neural and molecular changes in patients with chronic pain and employed a meta-analysis approach to quantify the changes. We included 75 studies and 11 of these 75 studies were included in the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) analysis. In the 62 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, the primary somatosensory and motor cortex (SI and MI), thalamus, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) showed significantly decreased activity after the treatments compared to baseline. In the 13 positron emission tomography (PET) studies, the SI, MI, thalamus, and insula showed significantly increased glucose uptake, blood flow, and opioid-receptor binding potentials after the treatments compared to baseline. A meta-analysis of fMRI studies in patients with chronic pain, during pain-related tasks, showed a significant deactivation likelihood cluster in the left medial posterior thalamus. Further studies are warranted to understand brain reorganization in patients with chronic pain compared to the normal state, in terms of its relationship with symptom reduction and baseline conditions.

The aim of this study will be to investigate the therapeutic effect and safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) along with symptomatic slow-acting drugs for the treatment of osteoarthritis (SYSADOA), JOINS tablets, for degenerative knee osteoarthritis (OA) treatment and to determine the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the combination therapy. In addition, we will investigate whether JOINS treatment alone after NSAID and JOINS combination treatment is effective in relieving and maintaining knee OA symptoms.

is used traditionally to treat pain. The antinociceptive properties of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of (PLE) were evaluated in rats and mice. Mice were pretreated orally with PLE (30, 100, and 300 mg kg) and evaluated for antinociceptive effects in the acetic acid-, glutamate-, and formalin-induced nociception models. Additionally, mechanical hyperalgesia models were used to evaluate PLE's influence on TNF– and IL-1-induced hyperalgesia in rats. In the acetic acid-induced nociception model, 100 mg kg PLE exhibited the highest antinociceptive activity of 95.13 ± 9.52% at < 0.0001, followed by the 300 mg kg (85.44 ± 5.75%; < 0.0001) and then the 30 mg kg (67.95 ± 18.55%; < 0.01), compared to morphine 3 mg kg i.p. (86.97 ± 9.52; < 0.0001). PLE (30, 100, and 300 mg kg) also showed significant ( < 0.05) antinociceptive effect in phase two of the formalin-induced nociception with % inhibitions of 66.88 ± 12.17, 75.12 ± 9.01, and 89.12 ± 4.32%, respectively, compared to 3 mg/kg morphine (97.09 ± 2.84%). Similarly, PLE (30, 100, and 300 mg kg) significantly reduced pain in the glutamate-induced nociception model with % inhibitions of 79.28 ± 8.17, 90.54 ± 5.64, and 96.49 ± 1.43%, respectively, whereas ketamine (5 mg/kg i.p.) reduced nociception to be 59.94 ± 18.14%. All doses of PLE significantly reduced nociceptive scores in TNF– and IL-1-induced mechanical hyperalgesia ( < 0.01). Similarly, PLE significantly inhibited bradykinin-induced nociception. The hydroethanolic extract of has antinociceptive effects; this is the first scientific report providing evidence to validate its traditional use for the management of pain.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of drugs which are widely used globally for the treatment of pain and inflammation, and in the case of aspirin, for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Chronic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is associated with potentially serious upper gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) including peptic ulcer disease and gastrointestinal bleeding. A few clinical and genetic predisposing factors have been identified; however, genetic data are contradictory. Further research is needed to identify clinically relevant genetic and non-genetic markers predisposing to NSAID-induced peptic ulceration.

Osteoarthritis and other degenerative joint diseases are common causes of chronic pain in cats. Frunevetmab is a felinized monoclonal antibody that binds to nerve growth factor (NGF) and provides relief from pain by blocking the receptor-mediated signaling cascade induced by NGF. Results from three studies were combined to provide an overview of frunevetmab pharmacokinetics (PK) and immunogenicity. The objective of the first study was to establish the pharmacokinetic parameters resulting from intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) administration of frunevetmab to the feline patient population at 3 mg/kg. Ten adult cats with naturally-occurring osteoarthritis were administered frunevetmab in a crossover design at 28 day intervals. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis of the plasma concentration-time data showed that the half-life was 10.1 ± 1.9 days after IV dosing and the SC bioavailability was 60.3 ± 15.8% with maximum drug levels observed at 3-7 days after dosing. Plasma samples were collected at ~28 days after dosing during two field safety and effectiveness studies of cats with degenerative joint disease. The doses ranged from 1.0 to 2.8 mg/kg; 2 or 3 doses were administered either SC/IV, SC/SC, or SC/SC/SC. The data from these studies along with the data from the laboratory pharmacokinetic study were analyzed using non-linear mixed-effects (NLME) modeling. The model closely predicted the trough concentrations from the two field studies, including the IV treatment in the pilot field study. The trough concentrations were predicted to be close to steady-state after 2 doses. A second objective was to determine the incidence and clinical relevance of frunevetmab immunogenicity. A three-tier anti-drug antibody assay (screen, confirm, titer) was developed and validated. Immunogenicity was assessed in 259 frunevetmab-treated animals enrolled in the two field studies. Only 4 of these animals (1.5%) appeared to develop immunogenicity to frunevetmab. None of the four exhibited adverse events attributed to immunogenicity and no impact on drug levels or efficacy was observed in three of the animals. In the placebo animals, 2.3% (3/131) appeared to develop treatment-emergent immunogenicity. Overall, frunevetmab administration resulted in a very low incidence of treatment-emergent immunogenicity with no safety findings and minimal effect on drug exposure and efficacy.