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The Role of Glial Cells in Different Phases of Migraine: Lessons from Preclinical Studies.

Migraine is a complex and debilitating neurological disease that affects 15% of the population worldwide. It is defined by the presence of recurrent severe attacks of disabling headache accompanied by […]

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Application of Ketamine in Pain Management and the Underlying Mechanism.

Since ketamine was approved by the FDA as an intravenous anesthetic, it has been in clinical use for more than 50 years. Apart from its anesthetic effects, ketamine is one of […]

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Beyond the Syndemic of Opioid Use Disorders and HIV: The Impact of Opioids on Viral Reservoirs.

People with HIV are more likely to have opioid use disorder and to be prescribed opioids for chronic pain than the general population; however, the effects of opioids on the […]

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Optimizing Absorption for Intranasal Delivery of Drugs Targeting the Central Nervous System Using Alkylsaccharide Permeation Enhancers.

Intranasal delivery of drugs offers several potential benefits related to ease of delivery, rapid onset, and patient experience, which may be of particular relevance to patients with central nervous system […]

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Pharmacological Treatments and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Patients with Chronic Pain.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that affects every aspect of a patient’s life and which may be treated through different pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Analgesics are the […]

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Sickle Cell Disease: From Genetics to Curative Approaches.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a monogenic blood disease caused by a point mutation in the gene coding for β-globin. The abnormal hemoglobin [sickle hemoglobin (HbS)] polymerizes under low-oxygen conditions […]

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Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Neuropathic Pain, Nerve Conduction and Plantar Pressure Distribution in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy – A Systematic Review.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a severe complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The most common symptoms are neuropathic pain and altered sensorium due to damage to small nerve fibers. Altered […]

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Phantom Limb Pain and Painful Neuroma After Dysvascular Lower-Extremity Amputation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Phantom limb pain (PLP) and symptomatic neuroma can be debilitating and significantly impact the quality of life of amputees. However, the prevalence of PLP and symptomatic neuromas in patients following […]

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Risk factors for migraine disease progression: a narrative review for a patient-centered approach.

In individuals with migraine, attacks may increase in frequency, severity, or both. Preventing migraine progression has emerged as a treatment goal in headache subspecialty practice, but there may be less […]

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Medication overuse headache: a review of current evidence and management strategies.

The third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3) defines medication-overuse headache (MOH) as a headache that develops when a person regularly uses acute or symptomatic headache medications […]

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