Psychology

Forgiveness influences health through numerous mechanisms, but commonly it is thought to reduce stress, increase healthy behaviour, and promote social support, thereby positively impacting health and wellbeing. Self-forgiveness has been given considerable attention in relation to health and wellbeing. Fibromyalgia (FM) patients had lower forgiveness of others and self-forgiveness as compared to controls. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship of self-forgiveness (FS) with the impact and severity of FM, acceptance, catastrophising, and coping.

Current guidelines for addressing opioid cessation in the context of chronic pain management recommend that opioids be discontinued if the risks outweigh the benefits. However, few studies have focused on understanding opioid cessation from the perspective of individuals with chronic pain. This mixed-method study included 49 former opioid users with chronic pain and used quantitative survey data and qualitative focus group data to identify themes pertaining to former opioid user's experience before, during, and after opioid cessation. Participants described several reasons for wanting to stop opioids including lack of efficacy, impact on quality of life, and concerns about addiction. Barriers to cessation included concerns about inadequate pain management and concerns about the impact of stopping opioids on mood. After opioid cessation, the sample was mixed regarding the benefit of cessation. Half of the former opioid users reported their pain to be better or the same after stopping opioids; however, 47% of the sample reported feeling worse pain since stopping their opioids. As the pendulum swings from pain control to drug control, we must ensure that the response to the opioid epidemic does not cause harm to individuals with chronic pain. Novel opioid cessation interventions are needed in combination with methods of addressing individual challenges and barriers to adequate pain relief including access to and provision of nonopioid alternatives for pain management.

Chronic pain affects a significant number of individuals in the United States and is associated with several negative health-related outcomes, including possibility of opioid misuse and disability. The identification of factors associated with both opioid misuse and disability is of critical public health importance, and significant research suggests that pain severity has been shown to be associated with both. Pain-related anxiety has been uniquely associated with both opioid misuse and disability, yet little research has examined pain-related anxiety as a potential mechanism linking pain severity with opioid misuse and disability.

In this study, we investigated whether illusionary body ownership over artificial hands and non-corporeal objects modulates pain perception. Previous research has yielded to mixed results, but has separated painful stimulation used to test pain perception from the stimulation that was used to induce the illusion. Here, we used a variant of the rubber hand illusion (RHI) paradigm and induced the illusion directly via a combination of visual and painful stimuli. We presented heat pain stimuli at the real hand and visual stimuli beneath a rubber hand (part1), or a glass ball (part2). Illusion ratings were higher and pain ratings were lower in the synchronous compared to the asynchronous condition in both parts of the experiment. This study demonstrated the successful induction of a body illusion using a new visual-thermal method with painful stimuli. We showed that the RHI and interestingly also the glass ball has an analgesic effect on the perception of the heat pain stimuli. Our data suggests that induced ownership over artificial limbs but also over non-corporeal objects can reduce the perceived pain perception. This might be mediated via a partial referral of the perceived location of pain or respectively a distribution of pain over two locations. Perspective: This article presents a new visual-thermal method with painful stimuli for the induction of the Rubber Hand Illusion. An illusionary body ownership over artificial hands and non-corporeal has an analgesic effects on the perception of pain. Similar approaches might be useful to alleviate chronic pain, but needs further testing.

Mindfulness training ameliorates clinical and self-report measures of depression and chronic pain, but its use as an emotion regulation strategy – in individuals who do not meditate – remains understudied. As such, whether it (a) down-regulates early affective brain processes and (b) depends on cognitive control systems remains unclear. We exposed meditation-naïve participants to two kinds of stimuli: negative vs. neutral images and painful vs. warm temperatures. On alternating blocks, we asked participants to either react naturally or exercise mindful-acceptance. Emotion regulation using mindful-acceptance was associated with reductions in reported pain and negative affect, reduced amygdala responses to negative images, and reduced heat-evoked responses in medial and lateral pain systems. Critically, mindful-acceptance significantly reduced activity in a distributed, a-priori neurologic signature that is sensitive and specific to experimentally-induced pain. In addition, these changes occurred in the absence of detectable increases in prefrontal control systems. The findings support the idea that momentary mindful-acceptance regulates emotional intensity by changing initial appraisals of the affective significance of stimuli, which has consequences for clinical treatment of pain and emotion.

Shoulder surgery is a primary intervention for shoulder pain, yet many individuals experience persistent post-operative pain. Previously, we found individuals categorized as having a high-risk phenotype (comprised of COMT variation and pain catastrophizing) had approximately double the chance of not reaching a 12-month pain recovery criterion. As a means to better understand the development of persistent post-operative shoulder pain, this study advanced our previous work by examining temporal ordering of post-operative shoulder recovery based on potential mediating factors, and expansion of outcomes to include movement-evoked pain and shoulder active range of motion. Before surgery, individuals were categorized as either high-risk (high pain catastrophizing, COMT-genotype linked to low enzyme activity (n=41)) or low-risk (low pain catastrophizing, COMT-genotype linked to normal enzyme activity (n=107)). We then compared potential mediating variables at 3, 6, and 12 months post-operatively: 1) endogenous pain modulation defined by a conditioned pain modulation paradigm (CPM); and 2) and emotion factors such as anxiety, fear of movement, and depressive symptoms. At 3 months, the high-risk subgroup had higher fear and movement-evoked pain, and causal mediation analysis confirmed the direct effect of risk subgroup on 12-month movement evoked pain. However, 12-month depressive symptoms were found to mediate 53% of the total effect of risk subgroup on 12-month movement-evoked pain. This study introduces potential temporal components and relationships to the development of persistent post-operative shoulder pain, which future studies will confirm and assess for potential therapeutic targets. Perspective: This study expands upon post-operative shoulder recovery measures to include movement-evoked pain and depressive symptoms, and provides preliminary indication of temporal ordering to post-operative shoulder recovery for a pre-identified high-risk subgroup. Future studies will distinguish temporal components of shoulder surgery that may optimize treatment targets of post-operative recovery.