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Back pain is a common condition affecting millions of individuals each year. A biopsychosocial approach to back pain provides the best clinical framework. A detailed history and physical examination with a thorough workup are required to exclude emergent or nonoperative etiologies of back pain. The treatment of back pain first uses conventional therapies including lifestyle modifications, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. If these options have been exhausted and pain persists for greater than 6 weeks, imaging and a specialist referral may be indicated.

The most common headache disorders in adolescents are tension-type headache, migraine, and posttraumatic headache. These disorders in adolescents may have different characteristics than in adults but can be similarly disabling. This review highlights the emerging abortive and preventive treatment options for the adolescent population. Although future high-quality headache studies in this age group are still needed, current evidence for the safety and efficacy of various treatment modalities is also discussed.

Migraine is the second leading cause of years lived with disability. Patients with chronic migraine (CM) face enormous barriers in accessing care and in receiving an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. This article reviews the following: epidemiology, definition, pathophysiology, medication overuse, and acute and preventive treatment.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2021/7344102.].

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a chronic health condition that presents a significant burden on patients, society, and even healthcare systems. However, in recent years, an emerging field in the treatment of neuropathic pain – optogenetic technology has dawned, heralding a new era in the field of medicine, and which has brought with it unlimited possibilities for studying the mechanism of NP and the treatment of research. Optogenetics is a new and growing field that uses the combination of light and molecular genetics for the first time ever. This rare combination is used to control the activity of living cells by expressing photosensitive proteins to visualize signaling events and manipulate cell activity. The treatments for NP are limited and have hardly achieved the desirable efficacy. NP differs from other types of pain, such as nociceptive pain, in that the treatments for NP are far more complex and highly challenging for clinical practice. This review presents the background of optogenetics, current applications in various fields, and the findings of optogenetics in NP. It also elaborates on the basic concepts of neuropathy, therapeutic applications, and the potential of optogenetics from the bench to the bedside in the near future.

A third of patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) experience poorly understood cognitive symptoms, with a significant impact on quality of life (QOL), and no effective medical treatment. Allopregnanolone, a neurosteroid, is a positive allosteric modulator of gamma-aminobutyricacid-A (GABA-A) receptors, associated with disordered mood, cognition, and memory. This study explored associations between allopregnanolone and a disease-specific QOL scoring system (PBC-40) in PBC patients.

Hydroxyanthracene derivatives are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, mainly in botanicals such as the and genera. For centuries, plants containing hydroxyanthracene derivatives have been used as herbal remedies, mainly as laxatives. The root and underground stem (rhizome) are used to make medicine, primarily for digestive complaints including constipation, diarrhoea, heartburn, stomach pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, and preparation for certain gastrointestinal diagnostic procedures. The use of hydroxyanthracene-containing botanicals has raised the attention of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for the potential genotoxicity activity, that in 2018 concluded "". No genotoxic activity has been reported with other constituents such as rhein, physcion and chrysophanol. In the present study, Rhubarb ethanolic extract of ground rhubarb rhizome (hydroxyanthracene total content 1.39 %) was tested in the Ames Assay in and , up to 5000 µg/plate and up to 5000 µg/mL in human lymphocytes Micronucleus Test (OECD 471 and 487 respectively) in vitro mutagenic and genotoxic effects. Under the experimental conditions used, the rhubarb rhizome extract showed no genotoxic activity.

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease, that often leads to pain and infertility. At present, the specific pathogenesis of endometriosis has not been clarified, but it may be closely related to an imbalance of sex hormones in the body, ectopic hyperplasia stimulated by immune inflammation, and invasion and escape based on tumor characteristics. Gut microbiota is associated with many inflammatory diseases. With the further study of the gut microbiota, people are paying increasing attention to its relationship with endometriosis. Studies have shown that there is an association between the gut microbiota and endometriosis. The specific ways and mechanisms by which the gut microbiota participates in endometriosis may involve estrogen, immune inflammation, and tumor characteristics, among others. Therefore, in the future, regulating gut microbiota disorders in various ways can help in the treatment of endometriosis patients. This study reviewed the research on the gut microbiota and endometriosis in order to provide ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Migraine is a neurovascular disorder that affects the quality of life of more than 1 billion people worldwide. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a neuromodulation tool that uses pulsed magnetic fields to modulate the cerebral cortex. This meta-analysis ascertained the therapeutic or preventive effect of rTMS on chronic migraine.

Endocrine complications have been described in patients affected by RASopathies but no systematic assessment has been reported. In this study, we investigate the prevalence of endocrine disorders in a consecutive unselected cohort of patients with RASopathies.