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Brain Sagging Dementia (BSD) is an increasingly recognized syndrome for which diagnostic criteria recently were proposed. There have been no reports on BSD caused by a cranial leak. Here we present the first report on a patient with BSD caused by a cranial leak.
Bee venom (BV), a type of defensive venom, has been confirmed to have favorable activities, such as anti-tumor, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-infectivity effects, etc. This study reviewed the recent progress on the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of BV and its main components against cancer, neurological disorders, inflammatory diseases, pain, microbial diseases, liver, kidney, lung and muscle injury, and other diseases in literature during the years 2018-2021. The related target proteins of BV and its main components against the diseases include Akt, mTOR, JNK, Wnt-5α, HIF-1α, NF-κB, JAK2, Nrf2, BDNF, Smad2/3, AMPK, and so on, which are referring to PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, HIF-1α, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, Nrf2/HO-1, TrkB/CREB/BDNF, TGF-β/Smad2/3, and AMPK signaling pathways, etc. Further, with the reported targets, the potential effects and mechanisms on diseases were bioinformatically predicted via Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, disease ontology semantic and enrichment (DOSE) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses. This review provides new insights into the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of BV and its main components on diseases.
A possible tool to improve the efficacy and safety of managing elderly and senile patients with chronic pain may be the use of adjuvant analgesics, in particular, antidepressants. Available clinical data indicate the possibility of using antidepressants as an alternative to opioid analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The review includes the analysis of the comparative characteristics and peculiarities of prescribing tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as painkillers in elderly patients. Recommendations are given on the use of various representatives of the antidepressant group in elderly patients with various types of pain, aimed at minimizing possible adverse drug reactions and improving the quality of life of this category of patients.
Intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND) is a rare condition mainly affecting the children. Constipation and abdominal distension have been reported as common manifestations. In addition, the reports about adult cases are scarce.
is one of the herbal products with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, moisturizing, bactericidal, anti-viral, and anti-fungal effects that were used to relieve pain and irritation. The aim of the current systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the effect of on the relief of irritation and nipple pain in lactating women.
Treatment effect of current pharmacotherapies for migraine is unsatisfying. Discovering new anti-migraine natural products and nutraceuticals from large collections of Chinese medicine classical literature may assist to address this gap. We conducted a comprehensive search in the (version 5.0) to obtain migraine-related citations, then screened and scored these citations to identify clinical management of migraine using oral herbal medicine in history. Information of formulae, herbs and symptoms were further extracted. After standardisation, these data were analysed using frequency analysis and the Apriori algorithm. Anti-migraine effects and mechanisms of actions of the main herbs and formula were summarised. Among 614 eligible citations, the most frequently used formula was (CXCTS), and the most frequently used herb was . Dietary medicinal herbs including , , , and were identified. Strong associations were constructed among the herb ingredients of CXCTS formula. Symptoms of chronic duration and unilateral headache were closely related with herbs of , , , and . Symptoms of vomiting and nausea were specifically related to herbs of and . The herb ingredients of CXCTS which presented anti-migraine effects with reliable evidence of anti-migraine actions can be selected as potential drug discovery candidates, while dietary medicinal herbs including , , , , , and can be further explored as nutraceuticals for migraine.
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a degenerative disease with inflammation, becoming persistent as it progresses, resulting in reduced quality of life. Exercise is the recommended treatment for KOA; however, the extent of pain reduction with exercise is heterogeneous and the prognostic implications of baseline factors in patients undergoing exercise are still unknown. This study examined the association between the response to exercise therapy and clinical outcomes, radiologic severity, and pain sensitization, and investigated the optimal predictive value for the effectiveness of exercise.
Metformin is the first-line oral treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus and is prescribed to more than 150 million people worldwide. Metformin's effect as a glucose-lowering drug is well documented but the precise mechanism of action is unknown. A recent finding of an association between paternal metformin treatment and increased numbers of genital birth defects in sons and a tendency towards a skewed secondary sex ratio with less male offspring prompted us to focus on other evidence of reproductive side effects of this drug. Metformin in humans is documented to reduce the circulating level of testosterone in both men and women. In experimental animal models, metformin exposure induced sex-specific reproductive changes in adult rat male offspring with reduced fertility manifested as a 30% decrease in litter size and metformin exposure to fish, induced intersex documented in testicular tissue. Metformin is excreted unchanged into urine and feces and is present in wastewater and even in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants from where it spreads to rivers, lakes, and drinking water. It is documented to be present in numerous freshwater samples throughout the world – and even in drinking water. We here present the hypothesis that metformin needs to be considered a potential reproductive toxicant for humans, and probably also for wildlife. There is an urgent need for studies exploring the association between metformin exposure and reproductive outcomes in humans, experimental animals, and aquatic wildlife.
Using mHealth apps alone at home without the support of healthcare experts could mean that older adults might not fully utilize the functions of the apps, recognize their benefits, and sustain their use. Incorporating an integrated health-social partnership model to support the app usage when further help is needed by the older adults might maximize the apps' benefits in the long term.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an uncommon lesion and represent 4% of all central nervous system (CNS) cancers. There have been few reports of localized isolated lymphoma developing in the fourth ventricle, with only 8 previous cases described. We present a case of an immunocompetent patient with isolated fourth ventricle lymphoma who did not have diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) restriction.