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Hereditary cranial hyperostosis is a rare disease never described in Italy, so the neurological manifestations in patients and carriers of the disease have been little studied.

Due to neuronal destruction caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, exposure to neuronal surface antigens may lead to an imbalance in immune tolerance, which in turn triggers an autoimmune response. In addition, due to the involvement of nonspecific B-cell activation or molecular mimicry, EBV and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) receptors may have common epitopes. Viral infection triggers activation of B-cell and cross-reaction with viral antibodies, resulting in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The clinical presentation may be complex or even atypical. A small number of patients may develop autoimmune reactions.

Currently, the primary treatments for fungal keratitis (FK) are drugs and surgery. However, drug treatment has low efficacy and many side effects, and surgical treatment is costly. Therefore, it is critical to develop a new method of FK treatment. This report describes a 56-year-old male patient with FK who was treated with a combination of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine with noticeable results and few side effects.

Since its introduction in 2013, the anterior quadratus lumborum (QL) block (QLB) has been widely used for analgesia in abdominal, pelvic, and hip surgeries, based on the assumption that it has analgesic effects on both incisional and visceral pain. However, the mechanism of the anterior QLB remains unclear, and the results of relevant studies are contradictory. This review aimed to summarize the dispersion patterns of injectates in anterior QLB. We conducted literature searches using PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases. A total of 10 cadaveric or radiological studies meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were summarized. The dye or contrast agent spread to the thoracic paravertebral space in only 5 of the studies reviewed. Variability in the selection of injection sites relative to the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia during anterior QLB implementation may explain the dispersion difference. The correct injection site of an anterior QLB is anterior to the QL muscle and between the QL muscle and the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia. Further studies are needed to verify the injectate dispersion pattern during anterior QLB.

Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) is a rare but fetal fulminant demyelinating disease of unknown etiology. It is commonly regarded as a severe variant of acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Its rapid clinical deterioration and high mortality appeal to clinicians to attach importance to early diagnosis. Immunosuppressive therapy is the main management to attenuate the autoimmune process, but with varied response and prognosis.

Chronic spinal pain is one of the most leading causes of disability among adults worldwide and is associated with significant health care use. The effect of acupuncture on chronic spinal pain seems controversial based on evidence-based perspective. Thus, we performed a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture for treatment of chronic spinal pain.

While oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been shown to reduce the risk of HIV, challenges such as adhering to a daily-dosing regimen and persistence have emerged as barriers for at-risks populations in South Africa. This qualitative research sought to investigate perceptions of and preferences for a long-acting, biodegradable implantable PrEP product designed to address these barriers.

New daily persistent headache (NDPH) and chronic migraine (CM) are two different types of headaches that might involve vascular dysregulation. There is still a lack of clarity about altered brain perfusion in NDPH and CM. This study aimed to investigate the cerebral perfusion variances of NDPH and CM using multi-delay pseudo-continuous arterial spin-labeled magnetic resonance imaging (pCASL-MRI).

Postoperative neurocritical intensive care unit (NICU) admission of patients who underwent craniotomy for close observation is common practice. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis to determine if there is a real need for NICU admission after microvascular decompression (MVD) for cranial nerve disorders or whether it may be abandoned. The present study evaluates a consecutive series of 236 MVD surgeries performed for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (213), hemifacial spasm (17), vagoglossopharyngeal neuralgia (2), paroxysmal vertigo (2), and pulsatile tinnitus (2). All patients were operated by the senior surgeon according to a standard protocol over a period of 12 years. Patients were admitted routinely to NICU during the first phase of the study (phase I), while in the second phase (phase II), only patients with specific indications would go to NICU. While 105 patients (44%) were admitted to NICU postoperatively (phase I), 131 patients (56%) returned to the ward after a short stay in a postanaesthesia care unit (PACU) (phase II). Specific indications for NICU admission in phase I were pneumothorax secondary to central venous catheter insertion (4 patients), AV block during surgery, low blood oxygen levels after extubation, and postoperative dysphagia and dysphonia (1 patient, respectively). There were no significant differences in the distribution of ASA scores or the presence of cardiac and pulmonary comorbidities like congestive heart failure, arterial hypertension, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease between groups. There were no secondary referrals from PACU to NICU. Our study shows that routine admission of patients after eventless MVD to NICU does not provide additional value. NICU admission can be restricted to patients with specific indications. When MVD surgery is performed in experienced hands according to a standard anaesthesia protocol, clinical observation on a neurosurgical ward is sufficient to monitor the postoperative course. Such a policy results in substantial savings of costs and human resources.

SB4 is the first approved biosimilar of etanercept, a biologic tumor necrosis factor inhibitor, to treat various autoimmune diseases including axial spondylarthritis (axSpA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and plaque psoriasis (PsO). This post-marketing surveillance (PMS) study of SB4 investigated safety and effectiveness in routine clinical practice and is part of the drug approval process in Korea.