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To study the effect and underlying mechanisms of Chinese medicine Yanghe decoction on pain relief in a rat model of bone metastasis of breast cancer induced by michigan cancer foundation-7 (MCF-7).

Dengue is a public health problem worldwide. It was originally confined to tropical and subtropical areas, but it is now present in other regions, such as Argentina. Epidemic outbreaks have been observed in the City of Buenos Aires since 2008, with few reports in children.

Veratramine may have a potential therapeutic effect for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).

Chronic pancreatitis is a chronic digestive disorder that greatly diminishes the quality of life and is associated with significant psychological distress. A best practice recommendation in treating chronic pancreatitis is offering care in a multidisciplinary model that includes access to a behavioral health provider among other medical professionals. Behavioral interventions for patients with chronic pancreatitis have promise to improve the management of pain, comorbid psychiatric symptoms, and quality of life. If surgical interventions such as a total pancreatectomy islet autotransplant are considered, evaluating and mitigating psychosocial risk factors may aid the selection of appropriate candidates.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive episodes of complete or partial upper airway obstruction during sleep, with a worldwide estimate of 936 million sufferers. Treatments of OSA include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), weight loss, positional therapy, oral appliances, positive upper airway pressure, oro-maxillofacial surgery, hypoglossal nerve stimulation, and bariatric surgery, and others, with CPAP being the most commonly prescribed treatment. In this review, the neurologic conditions of stroke, cognitive decline, epilepsy, and migraines will be discussed as they relate to OSA. Additionally, the literature regarding improvement in these conditions following treatment with CPAP will be explored.

Obesity is a worldwide epidemic and is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnea. Pregnant patients with obesity experience a higher risk of maternal and fetal complications. Anesthesia also poses higher risks for obese parturients and may be more technically challenging due to body habitus. Safe anesthesia practice for these patients must take into consideration the unique challenges associated with the combination of pregnancy and obesity.

Appropriate perioperative pain control is essential to aid in patients' recovery after surgery; however, acute postsurgical pain remains poorly treated and there continues to be an overreliance on opiates. Perioperative pain control starts in the operating room, and opiate-free anesthesia (OFA), where no opiates are used intraoperatively, has been proposed as a feasible strategy to further minimize opiates in the perioperative period. In this article, we address the potential benefits and shortcomings of OFA, while exploring tools available to accomplish multimodal anesthesia and ideally OFA, and the evidence behind the techniques proposed.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that mediates visual function in the retina and diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes and the leading cause of blindness; however, the role of dopamine in retinal vascular dysfunction in DR remains unclear. Here, we report a mechanism of hyperglycemic memory (HGM)-induced retinal microvascular dysfunction and the protective effect of dopamine against the HGM-induced retinal microvascular leakage and abnormalities. We found that HGM induced persistent oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and fission, and adherens junction disassembly and subsequent vascular leakage after blood glucose normalization in the mouse retinas. These persistent hyperglycemic stresses were inhibited by dopamine treatment in human retinal endothelial cells and by intravitreal injection of levodopa in the retinas of HGM mice. Moreover, levodopa supplementation ameliorated HGM-induced pericyte degeneration, acellular capillary and pericyte ghost generation, and endothelial apoptosis in the mouse retinas. Our findings suggest that dopamine alleviates HGM-induced retinal microvascular leakage and abnormalities by inhibiting persistent oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Cardiovascular disease affects close to half of the United States population and many of these patients will develop chronic pain syndromes as a result of their disease process. This article provides an overview of several pain syndromes that result, directly or indirectly, from cardiovascular disease including peripheral arterial disease, angina, thoracic outlet syndrome, postamputation pain, complex regional pain syndrome, and poststroke pain. Psychological and medical comorbidities that affect the medical decision-making process in the treatment of chronic pain associated with cardiovascular disease are also discussed.

To review clinical data regarding the newly approved drug setmelanotide, an injectable melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) agonist, for chronic weight management in adults and children aged 6 years and older with monogenic obesity. A literature review was performed by searching MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and EMBASE for all relevant English-language articles published between January 1, 1996, and November 30, 2021, using search terms obesity, setmelanotide, Imcivree, and MC4R agonist. This review included two phase 2, two phase 3, and one ongoing clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and/or safety of setmelanotide. Setmelanotide demonstrates statistically significant weight loss with at least a 10% decrease in body weight after 1 year and decreased appetite in phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials. The most common adverse effects included injection site reaction (96%), skin hyperpigmentation (78%), nausea (56%), headache (41%), and diarrhea (37%). Setmelanotide is the first and only Food and Drug Administration-approved medication for the treatment of proopiomelanocortin, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1, and leptin receptor deficiency in patients with obesity. It may be used in children and adults who have received genetic testing and exhibited extreme obesity before age five. Setmelanotide is a daily subcutaneous injection and may be difficult to afford for patients. Setmelanotide is an effective treatment in patients with obesity and indicated genetic disorders.